The comprehensive health care reform law enacted in March 2010 (sometimes known as ACA, PPACA, or “Obamacare”). The law has three primary goals: (1) Make affordable health insurance available to more people. The law provides consumers with subsidies (“premium tax credits”) that lower costs for households with incomes between 100% and 400% of the federal poverty level.; (2) Expand the Medicaid program to cover all adults with income below 138% of the federal poverty level. (Not all states have expanded their Medicaid programs.); and (3) Support innovative medical care delivery methods designed to lower the costs of health care generally.
The network of working relationships between leaders, organizations, and institutions that creates spaces for participation and engagement. Community leaders created these spaces in Central Brooklyn to provide opportunities for ongoing discussion, planning and coordination and to help them develop for themselves the practices, skills, and essential capacities for community self-governance and ownership of change processes.
People, groups, organizations or businesses that have an interest in community outcomes. Stakeholders can affect or be affected by the community’s actions, objectives and policies. Some examples of key community stakeholders include residents, community groups, developers , government officials and workers (and the agencies they represent), business owners, neighborhood leaders, commission members and other groups from which the community draws its resources.
A “Culture of Health” refers to “the movement to make health a national priority, valued and advanced by collaborators from all sectors” that has become the overarching goal of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. For RWJF, a Culture of Health is “driven by the belief that we will make true progress when we work together toward a shared goal of better health. In a Culture of Health, Americans understand that we’re all in this together—no one is excluded. Everyone has access to the care they need and a fair and just opportunity to make healthier choices. In a Culture of Health, communities flourish and individuals thrive.”
A New York State program created by an agreement with Medicaid, the Federal government health insurance program for low income people. The State recieved an $8 billion advance on projected savings from planned innovations in its healthcare delivery system. The $8 billion funded local healthcare systems to promote community-level collaborations and focus on system reform, specifically a goal to achieve a 25 percent reduction in avoidable hospital use over five years. (2015 - 2020).
A system of governance that puts capital and resources under citizen control and ownership. Economic democracy reimagines the role of civil society, the private sector and government in creating a more inclusive economy. Civil society organizations and institutions are a permanent and well-resourced feature of robust democracy that helps ensure citizens’ say in deciding the direction of the economy. The private sector is varied and democratic with more worker- and community-owned businesses and assets, greater grassroots shareholder and pension-holder supervision of companies/funds, active consumer organizing, collective consumer bargaining, and stronger worker voice in workplaces. Activist government is squarely on the side of deploying government assets to ensure community well-being during disruptive economic transitions.
The notion that “everyone has a just and fair opportunity to be healthier.” No one is “denied the possibility to be healthy for belonging to a group that has historically been economically or socially disadvantaged.” “Social justice in health.” (Braveman, 2006)
PAR is an approach to inquiry that values the knowledge and lived experience of the communities affected by the problem being researched, and seeks to place greater control over the processes of question definition, research design, knowledge-building, and problem-solving in the hands of community members. In this sense, PAR intends to transform existing unequal power relationships between marginalized groups and those traditionally considered the “expert” researchers and decision-makers.
The entities that are responsible for creating and implementing a DSRIP project. Performing Provider Systems are providers that form partnerships and collaborate in a DSRIP Project Plan. PPS include both major public hospitals and safety net providers, with a designated lead provider for the group. Safety net partners can include an array of providers: hospitals, health homes, skilled nursing facilities, clinics & FQHCs, behavioral health providers, community based organizations and others.
Providers that organize and deliver a significant level of both health care and other health-related services to the uninsured, Medicaid, and other vulnerable populations,” as well as providers “who by mandate or mission offer access to care regardless of a patient’s ability to pay and whose patient population includes a substantial share of uninsured, Medicaid, and other vulnerable patients
Free choice of one's own acts or states without external compulsion; determination by the people of a territorial unit of their own future political status (Merriam Webster). In psychology, self-determination is an important concept that refers to each person's ability to make choices and manage their own life. This ability plays an important role in psychological health and well-being (Very Well Mind).
Free choice of one's own acts or states without external compulsion; determination by the people of a territorial unit of their own future political status (Merriam Webster). In psychology, self-determination is an important concept that refers to each person's ability to make choices and manage their own life. This ability plays an important role in psychological health and well-being (Very Well Mind).
“The social determinants of health (SDOH) are the social, environmental, and economic conditions of the places in which we live, work, play and learn. These conditions largely determine opportunities for health and wellness.”
An MIT CoLab term to describe an approach to community development that acknowledges poverty as the single most important social determinant of health and thus advances community wealth creation as a critical strategy for improving wellness. Wellness-based development seeks planning and coordination of neighborhood-level resources and assets to support community wealth-creating activities, particularly those, for example, healthy food enterprises, that also advance good health. This approach centers the critical role of race in structuring economic and social exclusion. And it uses the planning discipline to position communities to identify and deploy underutilized assets and actively participate in shaping how local investments are made.
With over 450,000 members throughout Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Florida, and Washington, DC, 1199SEIU is the largest and fastest-growing healthcare union in the nation. 1199SEIU consists of nurses, nurse aides, techs, lab workers, clerks, housekeepers, dietary workers, transporters, pharmacists, social workers and many other types of medical professionals.
Brooklyn’s first Worker/Owner Unionized Co-Op, specializing in controlled environment hydroponic farming. Sprout offers services in both commercial farming and in-school hydroponic education.
BWC is a network of 1199SEIU delegates and members from the One Brooklyn Health system. It establishes a mode of communication with participants about healthcare system changes, advocates for Union principles and the needs of the Brooklyn community, and helps create partnerships between hospital management, workers and the community. BWC’s charge is to improve communication among hospital employees and between hospital staff and their Union leaders, and to help create coalitions within surrounding communities. The council consists of union officers, four elected 1199SEIU members from each of the three participating OBHS hospitals, as well as four members from two collaborating hospitals, Wyckoff and Brooklyn Hospital.
An entity of the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, the action center provides a variety of resources and programs to serve residents’ health needs. The action center provides primary care, mental health care and, in some cases, dental care, referrals to a network of neighborhood resources, health and wellness classes, workshops and activities, and community space for individuals and groups to work and coordinate strategies that advance neighborhood health.
A labor/community coalition that formed to fight the closing of Interfaith Medical Center (IMC) a crucial safety net hospital in Central Brooklyn. The plan adopted and advocated by the Coalition to save IMC reached beyond the hospital closing itself, to propose a comprehensive set of wellness-based development initiatives. The Coalition was guided by a specific objective, set by the community itself, to improve community wellness by: 1) strengthening coordination across multiple systems and 2) tapping under-utilized local assets in order to 3) create good family-supporting jobs, including building a robust community-owned entrepreneurial ecosystem within which existing and emerging local businesses can thrive as a way to 4) address multi-generational poverty through improving livelihoods and 5) improve social determinants of health.
Operating under New York State’s Delivery System Reform Incentive Payment (DSRIP) program, CCB, a Performing Provider System (PPS) with Maimonides Medical Center as its fiduciary, is a consortium of hospitals, federally qualified health centers, more than 850 organizations, and about 4,600 clinical providers. CCB is focused on projects aimed at broad integrated delivery system improvement, as well as on a number of targeted projects including primary care and behavioral health integration, cardiovascular disease management, asthma home-based self-management, and palliative care.
Created in response to recommendations produced from a Participatory Action Research project in Brownsville and East New York, EBC2A is a coalition made up of healthcare professionals, community based organizations, and labor unions, and healthcare advocates committed to building health and economic justice in underserved brooklyn neighborhoods. EBC2A members come together and discuss taking ownership of the community’s health, housing, education, and future.
More commonly known as a Community Health Center (CHC), a primary care center that is community-based and patient directed. By mission and design, CHCs exist to serve those who have limited access to healthcare, although all are welcome. Unlike most private practices, CHCs welcome low-income individuals, the uninsured, and the underinsured. Their cost of care ranks among the lowest, and they reduce the need for more expensive hospital-based and specialty care, saving billions of dollars for taxpayers.
A health insurance program for low-income individuals and those with disabilities. Medicaid funding comes from a combination of state and federal dollars, and there are both state and federal regulations that apply to the operation of the Medicaid program. Because Medicaid is jointly run by federal and state governments, there is significant variation in Medicaid programs from one state to another (unlike Medicare, which is fully funded by the federal government, and thus very consistent throughout the country).
Is a union of 42,000 frontline nurses standing together for strength at work, the nursing practice, safe staffing, and healthcare for all. NYSNA is New York's largest union and professional association for registered nurses.
OBHS is the NYS Department of Health approved co-operator of Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Interfaith Medical Center and Kingsbrook Jewish Medical Center. OBHS seeks to preserve and enhance access to healthcare services in Brooklyn by coalescing the separate hospitals and their governed affiliates into a sustainable, quality integrated health system.
Shari Suchoff (Vice President, Policy and Strategy Maimonides Medical Center, Department of Population Health) in discussion with authors, July 12, 2019.
Roger Green (Co-Chair, Coalition to Transform Interfaith) and Bruce Richard (1199, Consultant to the President, Community Health) in discussion with authors, January 9, 2020.
Ibid. p. 175.
Ibid.
Bruce Richard (Consultant to the President, Community Health, 1199SEIU), in discussion with authors, July 10, 2019.
Sharonnie Perry (Director of Community & Government Relations at Interfaith Medical Center), in discussion with authors, July 22, 2019.
Roger Green (Co-Chair, Coalition to Transform Interfaith) in discussion with author, July 10, 2019.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Thompson, J. Phillip; Arcaya, Mariana; Caress, Barbara; Sutton, Stacey; Moore, Saleema; Yaskill, Dara, Caring for Today, Planning for Tomorrow, MIT Community Innovators Lab, November 2014, p. 57.
Thompson, J. Phillip; Arcaya, Mariana; Caress, Barbara; Sutton, Stacey; Moore, Saleema; Yaskill, Dara, “Caring for Today, Planning for Tomorrow,” MIT Community Innovators Lab, November 2014.
Thompson, J. Phillip; Arcaya, Mariana; Caress, Barbara; Sutton, Stacey; Moore, Saleema; Yaskill, Dara, “Caring for Today, Planning for Tomorrow,” MIT Community Innovators Lab, November 2014.
Ibid., p 134.
Thompson, J. Phillip; Arcaya, Mariana; Caress, Barbara; Sutton, Stacey; Moore, Saleema; Yaskill, Dara, “Caring for Today, Planning for Tomorrow,” MIT Community Innovators Lab, November 2014.
Shari Suchoff (Vice President, Policy and Strategy, Dept. of Population Health, Maimonides Medical Center) and David Cohen (Executive Vice President, Clinical Affairs & Affiliations; Chair, Department of Population Health), in discussion with authors, July 12, 2019 and October 30, 2019.
Shari Suchoff (Vice President, Policy & Strategy, Maimonides Medical Center Department of Population Health), in discussion with the author, July 12th, 2019.
Shari Suchoff (Vice President, Policy & Strategy, Maimonides Medical Center Department of Population Health), and David Cohen (MD in Internal Medicine at Maimonides Medical Center in Brooklyn), in discussion with authors, July 12th and October 30th, 2019.
Bruce Richard (Consultant to the President, Community Health, 1199SEIU), in discussion with author, January 12, 2020.
Ms. Brown was serving as Senior Vice President for Corporate Planning, Community Health and Intergovernmental Relations, when she was recruited from NYC HHC to lead Interfaith.
Roger Green (Co-Chair, Coalition to Transform Interfaith) in discussion with author, July 10, 2019.
Ibid.
Roger Green (Co-Chair, Coalition to Transform Interfaith) in discussion with author, July 10th, 2019.
[this quote has been modified slightly for clarity]
Bruce Richard (1199, Consultant to the President, Community Health) in discussion with author, January 14, 2020.
J. Phillip Thompson (Associate Professor of Political Science and Urban Planning) in discussion with author, January 21, 2020.
J. Phillip Thompson (Associate Professor of Political Science and Urban Planning) in discussion with author, January 21, 2020.
Roger Green (Co-Chair, Coalition to Transform Interfaith), in discussion with author, July 10th, 2019.
Bruce Richard (1199, Consultant to the President, Community Health), in discussion with author, July 1st, 2019.
Smith, Rachel Holliday. “A Closer Look at ‘Vital Brooklyn,’ Cuomo’s Plan for ‘One of the Greatest Areas of Need in the Entire State.’” Gotham Gazette. December 18, 2018.
Roger Green (Co-Chair, Coalition to Transform Interfaith) in discussion with author, July 10th, 2019.
Bruce Richard (Co-Chair, Coalition to Transform Interfaith) in discussion with author, January 13, 2020.
Torian Easterling (Assistant Commissioner, NYC DOHMH) in discussion with authors, August 6, 2019.
David Cohen (Executive Vice President, Clinical Affairs & Affiliations; Chair, Department of Population Health) in discussion with authors, October 30th, 2019.
David Cohen (Executive Vice President for Population Health & Academic Affairs at Maimonides Medical Center) in discussion with author, October 30, 2019
Shari Suchoff (Vice President, Policy & Strategy, Maimonides Medical Center Department of Population Health) in discussion with author, July 12th, 2019.
Maurice Reid (Alliance for Healthy Communities) in discussion with author, July 16th, 2019.
Michelle Ned (1199SEIU Member; Coalition to Transform Interfaith; Co-Chair, Brooklyn Worker Council) in discussion with author, November 5, 2019.
Roger Green (Co-Chair, Coalition to Transform Interfaith) in discussion with author, July 10, 2019.
Roger Green (Co-chair, Coalition to transform Interfaith) in discussion with authors, July 10th, 2019.
Roger Green (Co-chair, Coalition to transform Interfaith) in discussion with authors, July 10th, 2019.
Maurice Reid (Alliance for Healthy Communities) in discussion with author, July 16th, 2019.
Dayna is Executive Director of MIT CoLab. Dayna worked as an Associate Director at the Rockefeller Foundation. Prior to the Rockefeller Foundation, Dayna worked as a voting rights lawyer with the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. She received her MBA from the MIT Sloan School of Management; a JD from New York University School of Law, and a BA from Harvard and Radcliffe Colleges.
Gretchen Susi is the program director for wellness-based development at the MIT Community Innovators Lab. Gretchen has served as the Director of the Aspen Institute Roundtable on Community Change and has been an adjunct faculty of the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning & Preservation at Columbia University. She holds a Ph.D. in Environmental Psychology from the Graduate Center of The City University of New York.
Lawrence Haseley is a Project Coordinator within the Just Urban Economies Program at MIT CoLab. Lawrence works with community-based organizations, healthcare institutions, and labor unions to build more equitable, democratic, and just neighborhoods in marginalized and under-resourced communities in Brooklyn. Lawrence earned his Masters in City and Regional Planning from Pratt Institute and his Bachelors in International Relations from the City College of New York.
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David I. Cohen, M.D., M.Sc. is the Executive Vice President for Population Health & Academic Affairs at Maimonides Medical Center. Dr. Cohen received his B.A. and M.D. degrees from the University of Pennsylvania and a M.Sc. in Epidemiology and Health from McGill University where he was a Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholar. He served as Director of Ambulatory Care and Associate Dean for Graduate Medical Education at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York, Vice President for Medical Operations for the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation, Deputy Dean for Clinical Affairs at the City University of New York Sophie Davis Medical School, and Medical Director at Bellevue Hospital Center before joining the staff at Maimonides.
Rev. Dr. Herbert Daughtry hails from a family of five generations of Black church leaders. As national presiding minister of the House of the Lord Churches, chairman emeritus of the National Black United Front and president of the African People’s Christian Organization, he has risen to a position of national and international acclaim and responsibility. Rev. Daughtry’s more than 46 years of involvement in community and church service has earned him the title, “The People’s Pastor.”
Dr. Torian Easterling serves as the Deputy Commissioner of the Center for Health Equity and Community Wellness (CHECW) at the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (NYCDOHMH). CHECW seeks to eliminate health inequities for those who are most marginalized in New York City and to reduce overall premature mortality from the leading causes of preventable death. Prior to the Health Department, Dr. Easterling served as an Assistant Professor for the Department of Family Medicine at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School (NJMS) where he oversaw the training of medical students in family and community medicine.
Roger Green is the Founder of Citizen Share Brooklyn and the Society for Effective Economic Democracy (SEED). In 2014 Green assumed a co-chairmanship of the Coalition to Transform Interfaith Medical Center. In Central Brooklyn, Green served as an elected member of the New York State Assembly, representing the 57 district from 1981 to 2006.
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Sharonnie is an important ecclesiastical voice in the City of Brooklyn and beyond. She has been an activist in her community for over 50 years. Today she serves as the Director of Community and government Relations for Interfaith Medical Center. Sharonnie is also an advocate for affordable housing, education, employment, senior services and healthcare. Sharonnie has evangelized on both the local and national levels as keynote speaker for young black achievers for the Archdiocese in New York to the historical national gathering of black Catholic women in Charlotte, North Carolina. She sums up her life in the struggle with these words “If I can help somebody along the way, then my living will not be in vain.”
Maurice A. Reid is the President of KenJam Consultants LLC, consultant advisors to primary health care executives and CBOs. He previously served as the President and CEO of the Brownsville Community Development Corporation's (BCDC) [d/b/a Brownsville Multi-Service (BMS) Family Health Center, a Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC)] for more than 14 years. The focus of his work career and these projects has been to develop sustainable community-based responses to the inherent inequities of the education, public policy and healthcare systems that impact communities of color.
Bruce Richard is currently a Senior Consultant for Community Health to the 1199 SEIU President. Bruce has played an important role in the Coalition To Transform Interfaith Medical Center, as one of the Co-chairs, helping to introduce a viable labor/community relationship in Central Brooklyn. Bruce is a former Executive Vice President, 1199 SEIU United Healthcare Workers East, for over 10 years responsible for most of the hospitals in Brooklyn NY. Bruce is the author of the book, The Other New York, a story about human transformation, with a forward by Harry Belafonte.
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Shari Suchoff is the Vice President of Policy and Strategy in the Department of Population Health at Maimonides Medical Center. Shari plays a key role in a number of population health management initiatives, overseeing community engagement and care transitions initiatives within the Central Services Organization for the Maimonides-led Performing Provider System, Community Care of Brooklyn. Shari completed her Bachelor of Arts and Master of Public Policy degree from the University of Maryland.
As New York City's Deputy Mayor for Strategic Policy Initiatives, Deputy Mayor Thompson is responsible for spearheading a diverse collection of priority initiatives. Prior to the Mayor's Office, Phil served as an Associate Professor of Urban Planning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is the author of Double Trouble: Black Mayors, Black Communities and the Struggle for Deep Democracy published in 2006 by Oxford University Press. He has also written and worked extensively on community health planning, race and community development, and the politics of black economic advancement.
Judy Wessler retired after spending forty years as a community health advocate, researcher, organizer, and policy developer. Ms. Wessler, was one of the organizers of the Commission on the Public’s Health System, a city-wide, community-based based health organization. Ms. Wessler has a Masters in Public Health, has taught in a graduate program at NYU School of Education, written many studies and articles, and won a number of awards. She has long supported access to care for everyone and been a critic and supporter of the public health and hospital system. She serves as the Chair of the CPHS Advisory Committee.